Welcome to Kirf Tech. Today I will tell you about the types of Computer Programming Languages in detail.
Computer programming language
Computer programming languages are a set of rules and instructions that are used to produce programs and software operations for computers. These languages allow developers to communicate with computers and give them specific commands to perform tasks.
Low-level languages and high-level languages are the two categories into which programming computer languages are divided. Low-level languages are close to machine code and are difficult to read and understand by humans. High-level languages, on the other hand, are easier to read and write, and they allow developers to write complex programs quickly and efficiently.
Some examples of high-level programming languages include JavaScript, Ruby, Python, Java, C++, and PHP. Each language of programming has its unique syntax and rules, which are used to create different types of software applications.
Learning a language of programming requires understanding the syntax, programming concepts, and logic behind the language. Once a developer understands the language, they can use it to create various applications, such as mobile applications, games, web applications, and more.
Overall, programming languages play a critical role in the software development industry, and they continue to evolve and change as technology advances.
Language types
Machine and assembly languages
Low-level programming languages like machine language and assembly language are both used to interface with a computer’s hardware. In machine language, instructions are written in binary code, which consists of 1s and 0s, that directly corresponds to machine code that a computer can understand and execute.
For example, the machine code instruction to add two figures might be represented as 00100011 00001000 00001001, where the first 8 bits (00100011) represent the opcode for the additional instruction, and the next two sets of 8 bits (00001000 and 00001001) represent the memory addresses of the two figures to be added.
Assembly language, on the other hand, uses a human-readable syntax that is easier for programmers to write and understand. Assembly language instructions are translated into machine code by an assembler program. For example, the assembly language instruction to add two figures might be written as “ADD R1, R2, and R3”, where R1, R2, and R3 represent registers in the computer’s CPU.
In both machine language and assembly language, details similar to memory addresses, register names, and opcodes are represented directly in the code. Still, assembly language provides a more human-readable syntax that is easier to work with than raw binary code.
Algorithmic languages
Algorithmic languages are languages of programming designed to express algorithms, which are step-by-step instructions for solving a problem or performing a task. These languages give a way to write instructions that can be executed by a computer to perform a specific task. There are several different algorithmic languages, each with its unique syntax and features. In this conclusion, we will provide an overview of some of the most popular algorithmic languages.
FORTRAN
FORTRAN was one of the first programming languages and has played a significant role in the history of computer science. FORTRAN (stands for Formula Translation) is a high-level programming language that was first developed in the 1950s by IBM for scientific and engineering applications. Fortran Language was designed to be effective and easy to use for scientific calculations, and it was extensively used in academia and research for many years. Even though newer programming languages have emerged, FORTRAN Language is still used nowadays, especially in high-performance computing and scientific computing applications. Its contributions to computer science have been significant, and it remains an important language in the history and development of computer programming.
ALGOL
ALGOL (stands for Algorithmic Language) is a high-level programming language that was developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s by a group of computer scientists from Europe and the United States. The Language of ALGOL was designed to be a universal language for scientific computing and was used extensively in the development of operating systems, compilers, and other software tools.
Language of ALGOL was one of the first programming languages to introduce many of the concepts that are now considered standard in modern programming languages, such as the use of blocks for structured programming, the idea of a call stack for function calls, and the use of syntax for control structures like loops and conditionals.
Although ALGOL Language was not as extremely adopted as other languages of programming like FORTRAN and COBOL, its influence on the development of computer science cannot be overstated. Many of the ideas and concepts introduced in the ALGOL language are still used today in programming languages like Java, C, and Python.
C
Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs created the general-purpose computer language C in the 1970s. It is a high-level language that is extensively used for system programming, embedded systems, and application development. C has a simple syntax and a small set of keywords, making it easy to learn and use. It is a compiled language, meaning that source code is compiled into machine code before execution.
C Language has had a profound impact on computer science and software engineering and is considered one of the most important programming languages ever created. Many modern programming languages, including Java, C++, and Python, were influenced by C. C language is known for its effectiveness and performance, and is commonly used in operating systems, device drivers, and other low-level software. Despite being over 50 years old, C remains a popular language of Programming due to its versatility and wide range of applications.
Business-oriented languages
Business-oriented languages are the languages of Programming that are specifically designed for business applications. They are created to simplify the process of developing software applications that are primarily used in the corporate world. One of the primary objectives of business-oriented languages is to create software applications that are easy to maintain, upgrade, and modify. These languages are also designed to handle large amounts of data efficiently, making them ideal for businesses dealing with complex data structures.
COBOL
The programming language COBOL (stands for Common Business Oriented Language) is among the most well-known and extremely used in the world. Developed in the late 1950s by a committee of industry experts, COBOL language was designed to handle business and administrative applications, such as inventory management, payroll processing, and accounting.
The Language of COBOL introduced the record data structure. This involves specifying the data types and sizes of each field in the record, as well as any relationships between the fields. The best illustration of “chunking” data into a single object is a record, which can be found in almost all modern programming languages.
For example, to connect to a record in a file called “CUSTOMERS”, you might use the following code:
SQL
SQL (stands for structured query language) is a language for specifying the association of databases (collections of records) because SQL language makes it possible to query a database for data that fits into a particular relation, databases organized with the language of SQL are referred to as relational databases. For illustration, a query might be “find all records with both last name Smith and megacity New York.” Marketable database programs typically write their queries in a language similar to SQL.
Education-oriented languages
Several programming languages are specifically designed to be used for educational purposes. These languages are often easier to learn and use than more complex programming languages and are often used to introduce beginners to basic programming concepts.
BASIC
A high-level programming language called BASIC (stands for Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) was created in the 1960s to assist novices in learning programming language. It was extremely used in the 1980s and 1990s as one of the first languages available for personal computers, and many people learned to program using BASIC. It is a procedural language, which means that it approaches problems step-by-step. It uses keywords and commands that are easy to understand, such as PRINT for outputting text, INPUT for getting user input, and IF/THEN/ELSE for making opinions in the program.
One of the key features of BASIC language is its simplicity. The basic language is designed to be easy to learn and use, even for people with little or no programming experience. However, this simplicity also means that the language of BASIC lacks some of the more advanced features and capabilities found in more modern programming languages. There are many different versions of BASIC, including Microsoft’s Visual Basic and QBASIC, which were included with MS-DOS. While BASIC language is not as extremely used today as it once was, it still has a place in education and is sometimes used in introductory programming courses.
Pascal
The high-level procedural Pascal programming language was created by Swiss computer scientist Nicklaus Wirth in the 1970s. It bears Blaise Pascal’s name, a French mathematician and philosopher. Pascal language was designed to be a simple, efficient, and reliable language that could be used for a wide range of applications. It features a strong type system, which means that every variable and expression in the language has a specific type, such as real, integer, or Boolean. This helps to prevent errors and makes programs more reliable.
Pascal language has a simple and clean syntax, making it easy to read and understand. It includes many features that are common to modern languages of programming, such as functions, subroutines, and loops, making it a good language for learning programming concepts. One of the most popular versions of Pascal is Borland’s Turbo Pascal, which was extremely used in the 1980s and 1990s. Turbo Pascal included a powerful integrated development environment (IDE) that made it easy to write, test, and debug programs.
The language of Pascal is still used today, particularly in education, as it provides a solid foundation for learning programming concepts and has influenced the development of many other languages of programming.
Logo
The logo is a language of programming that was developed in the late 1960s by Seymour Papert and his colleagues at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Language of Logo was designed as a tool for teaching children about programming and mathematics. The Language of the logo is based on the idea of “turtle graphics”, where a virtual turtle moves around on the screen, drawing lines and shapes as it goes. The turtle can be controlled using simple commands, such as FORWARD, BACKWARD, LEFT, and RIGHT, allowing children to create simple drawings and designs.
The logo is a procedural language, which means that programs are written as a series of instructions that are executed in order. It has a simple syntax that is easy to learn, making it a good language for beginners. One of the key features of the Logo is its emphasis on exploration and experimentation. The language encourages children to try effects out and see what happens, rather than simply following a set of instructions. This approach can help children to develop problem-solving skills and a deeper understanding of mathematical concepts.
The logo programming language is still used today in education, particularly in primary schools, as a way to introduce children to programming and mathematics in a fun and engaging way. There are also modern versions of the Logo, such as the Berkeley and Microworlds Logo that provide additional features and capabilities.
Hypertalk
Hypertalk is a programming language that was developed by Dan Winkler and used in Apple Computer’s HyperCard software. HyperCard was a popular software application in the 1980s and early 1990s that allowed users to create “stacks” of cards containing text, graphics, and interactive elements, such as buttons and fields. Hypertalk language was designed to be a simple and easy-to-learn language that could be used to create interactive applications within HyperCard. It has a simple syntax that is based on English-like commands, making it easy for non-programmers to learn and use.
The language of Hypertalk features several programming constructs, such as conditionals, variables, and loops, allowing users to create more complex programs. Language of Hypertalk includes several built-in functions and commands that allow users to manipulate text and graphics, interact with the user, and communicate with other applications. One of the key features of the Hypertalk language is its ability to interact with the HyperCard environment. This allows programs written in Hypertalk language to access and manipulate data within a stack, as well as to communicate with other stacks and applications.
While HyperCard and Hypertalk are no longer extremely used, they played a significant role in the early days of personal computing and helped to popularize the idea of creating interactive multimedia applications. The simplicity and ease of use of Hypertalk programming language also inspired the development of other easy-to-learn these programming languages, such as Apple’s Live Code.
Object-oriented languages
A programming paradigm called “object-oriented programming” (OOP) is founded on the idea that “objects” can contain data and methods that manipulate that data. Object-oriented languages are programming languages that support this paradigm.
C++
C++ language is a general-purpose, high-level programming language that was developed in the 1980s by Bjarne Stroustrup. C++is an extension of the C programming language and adds support for object-oriented programming, as well as other features such as exceptions, templates, and namespaces C++ is a compiled language, which means that code written in C++ language must be compiled into machine code before it can be executed. It is a powerful language that is extremely used in many areas of software development, including operating systems, games, web browsers, and scientific computing.
One of the key features of the language of C++ is its support for object-oriented programming. In C++ programming language, objects are created from classes, which are blueprints for creating new objects. Classes can contain both data (known as member variables) and methods (known as member functions) that operate on that data. The C++ programming language also includes features such as templates, which allow generic programming, and exceptions, which provide a way to handle errors and exceptional situations in code. These features make this language a flexible and powerful language that is suitable for a wide range of applications.
While the language of C++ can be complex and challenging to learn, it is also an extremely used and important language, particularly in areas such as game development and system programming. It is also a good language for learning computer science concepts such as algorithms and data structures.
C#
C# (pronounced “C sharp”) is a modern programming language, an object-oriented language of programming developed by Microsoft as part of the .NET platform. It was first introduced in 2000 and has since become a popular language for developing Windows applications, web applications, and games. C# language was designed to be easy to learn and use, with a syntax that is similar to other popular programming languages such as C++ and Java. Like many modern programming languages, it supports object-oriented programming, with support for classes, interfaces, and inheritance.
One of the key features of C# modern language is its use of a garbage collector, which automatically manages memory allocation and deal location. This makes it easier to write code without worrying about managing memory explicitly and can help prevent common programming errors such as memory leaks and buffer overflows. C# Modern language also supports several advanced features, such as asynchronous programming, lambda expressions, and LINQ (Language Integrated Query), which allows developers to easily query databases and other data sources.
C# language is used in a wide range of applications, from desktop software to web development and game development. It is also a popular language for developing mobile applications using the Xamarin platform, which allows developers to create native mobile apps for iOS, Android, and Windows using C# programming language and the .NET framework. Overall, it is a powerful and flexible language that is well-suited to a wide range of programming tasks. Its ease of use, powerful features, and tight integration with the .NET framework make it a popular choice for developers of all levels of experience.
Ada
The American Department of Defence created the high-level, strongly typed Ada computer language in the 1970s and 1980s. Ada language was designed to be a safe, reliable, and efficient language for developing large-scale software systems, particularly in the defense and aerospace industries. Ada language supports object-oriented programming, with features such as classes, inheritance, and polymorphism. It also includes strong typing, which helps to prevent many common programming errors by ensuring that data is used consistently and correctly.
One of the key features of Ada is its support for task-based concurrency, which allows multiple tasks to run concurrently within a program. This can help to improve program efficiency and reduce the complexity of multithreaded programming. It is also designed to be highly modular, with support for packages and separate compilation, which allows developers to easily organize code into reusable modules that can be compiled independently of each other.
Ada programming language has been used in a variety of applications, including aerospace and defense systems, medical devices, and transportation systems. It is known for its reliability, safety, and efficiency, and has been used in many critical systems where reliability is of utmost importance. Overall, Ada programming language is powerful and flexible which is well-suited to developing large-scale software systems that require high levels of reliability and safety. It is strong typing, task-based concurrency, and modular design make it a popular choice for developing complex systems in a variety of industries.
Java
High-level, object-oriented Java language was created by Sun Microsystems in the beginning and is currently owned by Oracle Corporation. It is designed to be portable, which means that programs written in Java language can run on many different types of computers and devices without the need for recompilation. Java is a popular language for developing server-side web applications, as well as Android mobile apps. The creation of enterprise software also frequently makes use of it.
Platform independence is one of Java’s most important characteristics. Java programs are compiled into byte code, which can be executed on any machine that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed. This makes Java programming language an ideal choice for creating cross-platform applications. Java’s syntax is similar to that of C++ and C# but with some important differences. As an illustration, since Java is a strongly typed language of programming, variables must first be declared with a particular data type before they may be utilized. The language of Java also includes automatic memory management, which makes it easier to write bug-free code.
Java language has a large and active community of developers who create libraries and frameworks that can be used to build complex applications more quickly and easily. Some popular Java frameworks include Hibernate, spring, and Struts. Overall, the language of Java is a powerful and versatile language that is used by millions of developers around the world. Its platform independence, ease of use, and the vast array of libraries and frameworks make it a popular choice for a wide range of software development projects.
Visual Basic
Microsoft created the programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) known as Visual Basic (VB) language. Since its 1991 debut, it has grown to be one of the most widely used programming languages for creating Windows programs. It is an object-oriented language, which means it organizes code into reusable, modular components called objects. These objects can be customized and reused in different parts of a program or different programs altogether, making development faster and more efficient.
One of the defining features of Visual Basic language is its drag-and-drop interface, which allows developers to create user interfaces by dragging and dropping controls onto a form. This makes it easy for developers with little programming experience to create GUI-based applications. Language of Visual Basic also has a large and active community of developers who create and share code libraries, plugins, and other resources that can be used to enhance the functionality of VB applications.
Overall, it is a powerful and versatile programming language that has been used to create a wide range of applications, from small utilities to enterprise-level systems.
Python
In 1991, the high-level, interpreted programming language Python made its debut. Python language is known for its simplicity, readability, and versatility, and has become one of the most popular programming languages used today. It is an object-oriented language, which means it is organized around the concept of “objects” that contain data and functions that manipulate that data. It is also dynamically typed, which means that variables can hold any type of data, and their data type can change during execution.
One of the key features of Python language is its extensive standard library, which provides developers with a large set of modules that can be used to perform common programming tasks, such as networking, working with files, and data processing. Language of Python In 1991, the high-level, interpreted programming language Python made its debut in a large and active community of developers who create and share code libraries, plugins, and other resources that can be used to enhance the functionality of Python applications. The programming Language of Python is commonly used in a wide variety of applications, including data analysis, web development, artificial intelligence, scientific computing, and machine learning. Its readability and ease of use make it a popular language for beginners to learn, while its versatility and power make it a favorite among experienced developers.
Declarative languages
Languages of Programming known as declarative languages define the desired outcome of a calculation without outlining the specific procedures required to get there. Declarative programming language is concerned more with what has to be done than with how it needs to be done.
Scripting languages
An easy-to-learn and-use programming language called a scripting language is focused on automating routine operations and carrying out straightforward, single-purpose actions. The majority of scripting languages are interpreted rather than compiled, which implies that the code is run directly by an interpreter rather than being built into machine code that a computer can run. One of the key features of programming languages of scripting is their simplicity and ease of use. They are often used to automate tasks, such as system web development, administration, and data processing. Python, JavaScript, Ruby, Perl, and Bash are popular scripting languages.
Scripting languages are often used to write scripts, which are small programs that perform a specific task. These scripts can be executed by a command-line interpreter or by another program, making them useful for automating repetitive tasks or performing batch operations. These languages are often used in web development, where they are used to create dynamic, interactive websites. For example, JavaScript is used to create interactive user interfaces and to add functionality to web pages. Overall, scripting languages are an important part of modern programming and are extremely used in a variety of applications. Their ease of use and flexibility make them a popular choice for both beginners and experienced programmers.
Document formatting languages
Document formatting languages are computer languages of programming used to describe the layout and formatting of documents, such as web pages, text documents, and electronic books.
TeX
Donald Knuth created TeX in the late 1970s as a computer program for typesetting manuscripts with excellent mathematical formulas. Mathematicians, physicists, engineers, and other professionals who need exact typesetting for their job frequently utilize it. Languages of TeX makes use of a markup language that enables users to specify a document’s layout through commands as opposed to physically placing text and graphics on a page. Regardless of the platform or software being used to view the page, this method enables consistent and predictable formatting. TeX language has become a standard tool in many academic disciplines, especially in the math and natural sciences. Its popularity is a result of its capacity to produce excellent typesetting, particularly for mathematical calculations and equations, as well as its handling of huge documents with intricate structures. TeX language is also open source, allowing users to change and adapt the program to meet their needs.
The language of TeX is frequently used in conjunction with other applications, including Latex, a system for creating documents on top of TeX, and BibTeX, a program for handling bibliographic references. Particularly in the context of academic writing, Latex offers a collection of predefined instructions and templates that make it simpler for users to format their writings.
Overall, Language of TeX is a powerful and versatile tool for producing high-quality typesetting, particularly in fields that require precise mathematical formatting. Its popularity in academia is a testament to its effectiveness and usefulness.
PostScript
PostScript is a page description language developed by Adobe Systems in the 1980s for use in printing and desktop publishing. It enables high-quality text and graphic output, especially when professional printing is involved, and has developed as a norm for document processing in many industries.
A stack-based approach is used by the programming language PostScript to manipulate both text and visuals. This method enables the use of very straightforward instructions to execute complicated operations on text and pictures. An order to create a circle, for instance, could be described as a series of calculations that change the coordinates of the circle’s points. One of the key features of PostScript language is its ability to describe complex images with a relatively small amount of code. This allows for the efficient transmission of graphics over networks and for the creation of complex layouts that can be easily edited and manipulated.
The language of PostScript is often used in conjunction with other software, particularly in the context of desktop publishing and professional printing. For example, Adobe Acrobat uses PostScript to create PDF documents, which are widely used for distributing electronic documents.
Overall, PostScript programming language is a powerful and versatile page description language that has become a standard in the printing and publishing industries. Its ability to describe complex graphics and text with relatively simple commands has made it an essential tool for professionals in many fields.
SGML
A worldwide standard for the definition of markup languages is provided by the met language known as SGML (stands for standard generalized markup language). Markup is composed of symbols called tags that describe a piece of text’s purpose or how it should be displayed. The emphasis in SGML language is on descriptive markups, such as the tag “emphasis>.”Such markup can be viewed as reverse video on a computer screen, typewriter underlining, or italics in typeset text, and it conveys the intent of the document.”
DTDs (stands for document type definitions) are defined in SGML. A DTD gives rules for the use of document components, such as that a paragraph may exist within a table entry but a table may not appear within a paragraph, and specifies the elements that must occur in a document, such as a report, such as Title>. A parsing program can examine marked-up text to see if it complies with a DTD. To create an index or convert the page into PostScript for printing, another program may read the markups. Another could produce an audible or big print for readers who have a vision or hearing impairments.
World Wide Web displays languages
On the World Wide Web (WWW), several display languages are frequently used to create and present web pages.
HTML
The World Wide Web is a platform for showing text, images, and audio that have been downloaded from the Internet on a computer screen. Each retrieval unit is referred to as a Web page, and these pages usually have “links” that enable retrieval of related pages. The markup language used to encode Web pages is called HTML (stands for hypertext markup language). It is described by an SGML DTD and was created by Tim Berners-Lee in the 1980s at the CERN nuclear physics laboratory in Switzerland. Headings, paragraphs, and tables are just a few of the document elements that can be expressed using HTML markup tags. They annotate a document so that a web browser, or a piece of software, may view it. The headings, paragraphs, and tables are shown in a layout that is customized to the browser’s available screen size and typefaces once the browser reads the tags.
HTML language compositions can also contain anchors, which are tags that specify links to other Web sites. The Uniform Resource Locator (URL) that the link points to (the Web “address”) are cited in an anchor using the Encyclopedia Britannica format, and the text that follows it is what is displayed in a Web browser and is highlighted to show that it is a link to another website. Multiple URLs, some of which contain text and others of which contain images, can also be combined to create a single page.
XML
The language of HTML is not expandable since it does not allow for the definition of additional text elements. XML language (standing for extensible markup language) is a condensed version of SGML designed for Web-published documents. Similar to SGML, XML language defines document types and the semantics of the tags used in them using DTDs. Conventions that make the programming language of XML easy to parse include the use of beginning and ending tags, such as BEGIN>…/BEGIN>, to identify document entities. Hypertext links that are related to a document subpart and bidirectional links are among the additional types of links that the language of XML supports above the HTML programming language.
An XML DTD must also have rules that tell a Web browser how to interpret new tags because authors are allowed to create them. These rules specify how an entity should be displayed or how it should produce an action, such as creating an email message.
Web Scripting
The majority of web pages with HTML or XML markup are static files. Web scripting programming language enables users to add content to websites while they use them or send information to an online retailer’s order department, for example. The CGI (standing for common gateway interface) mechanism is used to transmit requests and responses between the reader’s web browser and the web server hosting the page. Small programs known as scripts are included in the CGI component of the server and take information from the browser system or provide it for display. A straightforward script might ask for the reader’s name, find the system’s Internet address, and print a greeting. Although scripts can be written in any programming language, scripting languages like PERL are particularly suitable because they are frequently simple text-processing routines.
A different strategy is to utilize a language created for browser-based Web scripting programming language. One such language that may be used with both Netscape and Microsoft browsers is JavaScript, which was created by Netscape Communications Corp. JavaScript is a straightforward language that is very dissimilar to Java. The HTML tag script language=”JavaScript”> allows for the embedding of a JavaScript program into a Web page. The Web browser will run the JavaScript code that follows that tag when the page is chosen. When exchanging data between a server and a client’s browser, JavaScript is frequently combined with XML or another language to speed up the display of dynamic (interactive) pages. The XMLHttpRequest command, in particular, allows for asynchronous data requests from the server without necessitating a resend of the complete Web page. Ajax (asynchronous JavaScript and XML) is the name of this method, or “philosophy,” of programming.
A part of Visual Basic is VB Script. It was initially created for Microsoft’s Office software, but it was eventually applied to Web scripting as well. It may be embedded in HTML similarly to JavaScript and has features that are similar to those of JavaScript language.
The concept of component programming, in which programs are created by merging separate previously written components without any further language processing, is what motivates the adoption of such scripting languages for Web programming. Programs like JavaScript and VB Script were created as add-ons that may be connected to Web browsers to modify how information is displayed.
